BEGIN:VCALENDAR
VERSION:2.0
PRODID:-// - ECPv6.15.20//NONSGML v1.0//EN
CALSCALE:GREGORIAN
METHOD:PUBLISH
X-ORIGINAL-URL:https://beccle.no
X-WR-CALDESC:Events for 
REFRESH-INTERVAL;VALUE=DURATION:PT1H
X-Robots-Tag:noindex
X-PUBLISHED-TTL:PT1H
BEGIN:VTIMEZONE
TZID:Europe/Oslo
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:+0100
TZOFFSETTO:+0200
TZNAME:CEST
DTSTART:20140330T010000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:+0200
TZOFFSETTO:+0100
TZNAME:CET
DTSTART:20141026T010000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:+0100
TZOFFSETTO:+0200
TZNAME:CEST
DTSTART:20150329T010000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:+0200
TZOFFSETTO:+0100
TZNAME:CET
DTSTART:20151025T010000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:+0100
TZOFFSETTO:+0200
TZNAME:CEST
DTSTART:20160327T010000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:+0200
TZOFFSETTO:+0100
TZNAME:CET
DTSTART:20161030T010000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:+0100
TZOFFSETTO:+0200
TZNAME:CEST
DTSTART:20170326T010000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:+0200
TZOFFSETTO:+0100
TZNAME:CET
DTSTART:20171029T010000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:+0100
TZOFFSETTO:+0200
TZNAME:CEST
DTSTART:20180325T010000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:+0200
TZOFFSETTO:+0100
TZNAME:CET
DTSTART:20181028T010000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:+0100
TZOFFSETTO:+0200
TZNAME:CEST
DTSTART:20190331T010000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:+0200
TZOFFSETTO:+0100
TZNAME:CET
DTSTART:20191027T010000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:+0100
TZOFFSETTO:+0200
TZNAME:CEST
DTSTART:20200329T010000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:+0200
TZOFFSETTO:+0100
TZNAME:CET
DTSTART:20201025T010000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:+0100
TZOFFSETTO:+0200
TZNAME:CEST
DTSTART:20210328T010000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:+0200
TZOFFSETTO:+0100
TZNAME:CET
DTSTART:20211031T010000
END:STANDARD
END:VTIMEZONE
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Oslo:20200116T083000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Oslo:20200116T160000
DTSTAMP:20260420T133107
CREATED:20200107T135432Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20200108T140840Z
UID:6275-1579163400-1579190400@beccle.no
SUMMARY:Investing in our future\, divesting from our past. From climate risk to climate opportunity
DESCRIPTION:Photo: Jason Blackeye on Unsplash\n\nRegistration for the conference is done through this link\, by January 9th (registration\, breakfast and lunch is free of charge).\nThe 16th of January 2020\, from 08:30 to 16:00\, the law faculty at the University of Bergen and the Research group for Natural Resource Law\, Environmental Law and Development Law in cooperation with Centre for Climate and Energy Transformation (CET)\, the Research group for international law and the Research group for EU/EEA Commercial Law invite you to a conference with the theme “Investing in our future\, divesting from our past. From climate risk to climate opportunity”. The conference is part of Klimafestivalen § 112 – Bergen 2020.\nThe University of Bergen\, Norway\, is hosting a conference on the normative implications of climate risk for divestment approaches\, metrics\, and due diligence on 16 January 2020\, at Bergen Litteraturhus\, from 9am-4pm. The conference builds also on one of the European Green Deal’s thematic areas\, sustainable finance\, and addresses it with economists\, lawyers\, jurists\, linguists\, film directors\, and political scientists from the University of Bergen\, the Norwegian School of Economics\, Frankfurt School of Management and Finance\, the University of Oslo\, IDDRI Paris\, and Columbia University. For more information\, follow this link.
URL:https://beccle.no/event/investing-in-our-future-divesting-from-our-past-from-climate-risk-to-climate-opportunity/
LOCATION:Bergen Literature House\, Østre Skostredet 5\, 5017 Bergen\, Bergen\, 5017\, Norway
CATEGORIES:Conference,Events
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://beccle.no/files/2020/01/Climate.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Oslo:20190425T083000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Oslo:20190426T160000
DTSTAMP:20260420T133107
CREATED:20181120T092213Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190508T221446Z
UID:5810-1556181000-1556294400@beccle.no
SUMMARY:Bergen Competition Policy Conference 2019
DESCRIPTION:Bergen Center for Competition Law and Economics (BECCLE) hosted the 5th annual conference on competition policy on the 25th and 26th of April 2019 in Bergen\, Norway. \nThe conference combined sessions with invited speakers and presentations and discussions of original research papers in the fields of competition law and economics. \nTime and date: 25 and 26 April 2019.\nLocation: Faculty of Law\, University of Bergen\nContact: For any questions\, please contact the organising committee by using the following email address: local2019@beccle.uib.no \nThe conference program is available for download here. Video recordings\, and the slides\, of most plenary sessions are now uploaded. The slides can be found by clicking the title of the presentations below. \nKeynote speakers\n\nDaniel P. O’Brien\, Compass Lexecon\n“Price Discrimination Policy in Intermediate Markets.” [Video]\nJoseph E. Harrington Jr.\, U Pennsylvania and NHH/BECCLE\n“Competition Law and Pricing Algorithms.” [Video]\nAriel Ezrachi\, University of Oxford\n“I can’t believe it’s not butter – The tale of digitalisation\, competition and misconception.“ [Video]\n\nPlenary sessions\nThe session “algorithms and markets” [Video]\n\nGabriele Rovigatti\, Bank of Italy\n“From Mad Men to Maths Men: Concentration and Buyer Power in Online Advertising.”\nTimo Klein\, U Amsterdam\n“Autonomous Algorithmic Collusion: Q-Learning Under Sequential Pricing.”\nGiacomo Calzolari\, EUI\n“Artificial intelligence\, algorithmic pricing and collusion.”\n\nA session “Input price discrimination and large buyers” [Video]\n\nClaire Chambolle\, INRA ALISS\n“The Effect of Input Price Discrimination on Retail Prices: Theory and Evidence from France”\nHugo Molina\, U Leuven\n“Buyer Alliances in Vertically Related Markets”\n\nSadly\, Greg Shaffer had to cancel. \nA session on competition law [Video]\n\nLars Henriksson\, Stockholm School of Economics\n“Discrimination in EU Competition Law”\nBjörn Lundqvist\, U Stockholm\n“Data Collaboration\, Pooling and Hoarding under Competition Law”\n\nOrganizers\nScientific Committee:\n\nGreg Shaffer (U Rochester and NHH/BECCLE)\nThibaud Verge (ENSAE ParisTech and U Bergen/BECCLE)\nErling Hjelmeng (U Oslo and BECCLE)\nCaroline Heide Jørgensen (U Copenhagen and BECCLE)\nFrode Steen (NHH and BECCLE)\nTommy Staahl Gabrielsen (U Bergen and BECCLE)\nRonny Gjendemsjø (U Bergen and BECCLE)\nBjørn Olav Johansen (U Bergen and BECCLE)\nIgnacio Herrera Anchustegui (U Bergen and BECCLE)\nSimen Aardal Ulsaker (NHH and BECCLE)\n\nLocal Commitee\n\nIgnacio Herrera Anchustegui\nIngrid Halvorsen Barlund\nCharlotte Bjørnhaug Evensen\nHåvard Mork Sandvik
URL:https://beccle.no/event/bergen-competition-policy-conference-25-26-april-2019/
CATEGORIES:Conference,Events
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://beccle.no/files/2018/05/BECCLE-Featured-Slider.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Oslo:20190114T090000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Oslo:20190115T123000
DTSTAMP:20260420T133107
CREATED:20181221T095745Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190108T103841Z
UID:5878-1547456400-1547555400@beccle.no
SUMMARY:Conference on Developments in Energy Markets
DESCRIPTION:Photo by Basil Samuel Lade on Unsplash.\n \nThe Bergen Center for Competition Law & Economics (BECCLE) invites you to the international conference “Developments in Energy Markets: A multidisciplinary perspective”. This event will take place on the 14th and 15th of January 2019\, at the Law Faculty of the University of Bergen.\n  \nThe event is part of the research project “Regulating energy markets\, a perspective from EEA/EU Competition and Public Procurement Law” financed thanks to the support of the AkademiaAvtalen (UiB and Equinor ASA)\n \nProgram:\nThe program can be downloaded here.\n \nThe conference aims to gather energy academics and practitioners from different backgrounds and disciplines to foster multidisciplinary exchange and future collaboration by serving as a forum for discussion of relevant and timely topics of interest in the energy world. Our focus will the future of energy markets and the intersection of law\, economics\, new technologies and economic geography.\n \nRegistration:\nIn case you would like to participate\, please send an email to Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui  to register your participation. You are welcome to participate both days or just some particular sessions only\, depending on your schedule. Please do not hesitate to contact us in case you would require any additional information.\n \nConference venue:\nMon 14th: Auditorium at Jekteviksbakken 31 (Juss 2)\, entrance from Jekteviken or via the Faculty of Law.\nTue 15th: Auditorium 4 at the Faculty of Law (Dragefjellet skole)\, Magnus Lagabøtes Plass 1.
URL:https://beccle.no/event/conference-on-developments-in-energy-markets/
LOCATION:Det juridiske fakultet\, UiB\, Magnus Lagabøtes Plass 1\, Bergen\, 5010\, Norway
CATEGORIES:Conference,Events
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://beccle.no/files/2018/09/electricity-unsplash-e1538232766446.jpg
ORGANIZER;CN="Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui":MAILTO:Ignacio.Herrera-Anchustegui@uib.no
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Oslo:20180907T090000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Oslo:20180907T130000
DTSTAMP:20260420T133107
CREATED:20180822T113105Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20180914T085541Z
UID:5459-1536310800-1536325200@beccle.no
SUMMARY:Konferanse: Offentlig oppgavetyveri?
DESCRIPTION:Skviser staten og kommuner private bedrifter fra markedet ved å kryssubsidiere sin økonomiske virksomhet\, eller prøver de bare å løse sine oppgaver på best mulig måte? Kan tiltakene som er foreslått av arbeidsgruppen gi et dårligere tilbud til innbyggere eller skal de sikre at det private kan konkurrere på like vilkår? Fredag 7 september har vi gleden av å ivitere til konferansen “Offentlig opgpavetyveri?”\, en konferanse om like konkurransevilkår mellom offentlig og privat virksomhet fra et norsk og dansk perspektiv. \nPostdoktor Malgorzata Cyndecka innleder om den norske rapporten. Cyndecka var medlem av den norske arbeidsgruppen bak rapporten “Like konkurransevilkår for offentlige og private aktører”. Professor Karsten Naundrup Olesen fra København Universitet vil redegjøre for diskusjonen om like konkurransevilkår i Danmark. Den norske rapporten vil diskuteres av representanter for KS\, Virke og Konkurransetilsynet. \nTid: Fredag 7. september\, kl 9.00 – 13.00\nSted: Auditorium 4\, Det juridiske fakultet\, UiB \nInnledere: \n\nMalgorzata Cyndecka\nPostdoktor\, Det juridiske fakultet\, UiB\, og BECCLE\nKarsten Naundrup Olesen\nProfessor\, Det Juridiske Fakultet\, Københavns Universitet\n\nPresentasjoner: \n\nMalgorzata Cyndecka: ‘Offentlig oppgavetyveri – Om like konkurransevilkår mellom offentlig of privat virksomhet fra et norsk og dansk perspektiv’\nJan Gaute Sannearnes: ‘På like vilkår – et samfunnsøkonomisk perspektiv’\nKarsten Naundrup Olesen: ‘Offentlig markedsaktivitet i Danmark – debatten og reglerne’\nBeatrice Dankertsen Hennyng: ‘Like konkurransevilkår for offentlige og private aktører – konsekvenser for kommunesektoren’\n\nProgram \n\nProgram “offentlig oppgavetyveri” 7. sept 2018\n\nMateriale: \n\nNy rapport om like konkurransevilkår\n\nPåmelding:\nKonferansen gratis og åpen for alle. Påmelding per epost til Kristian Wederhus innen 4. september.\nFelles søknad om godkjenning av etterutdanning for advokater kan sendes i etterkant av seminaret. \n  \nBakgrunn:\nSommeren 2016 satte den norske regjeringen ned arbeidsgruppen «På like vilkår»\, som skulle foreslå tiltak som kan styrke konkurransen mellom det offentlige og det private. Bakgrunnen for opprettelsen av arbeidsgruppen var at EFTAs overvåkningsorgan (ESA) mener at det offentliges skattefritak og konkursimmunitet bryter med EU/EØS-regler om offentlig støtte når det offentlige driver «økonomisk aktivitet» i konkurranse med private markedsaktører. \nRapporten «Like konkurransevilkår for offentlige og private aktører» ble overlevert Nærings- og fiskeridepartementet 23. januar 2018. I rapporten vurderte arbeidsgruppen to løsninger for å tilpasse seg reglene om statsstøtte: Et regnskapsmessig skille mellom økonomisk og ikke-økonomisk aktivitet og utskilling av økonomisk aktivitet. \nDet offentliges økonomiske aktivitet er uproblematisk så lenge staten eller kommuner driver på markedsmessige vilkår i henhold til det såkalte markedsaktørprinsippet (MEOP). MEOP innebærer at det offentlige handler på samme måte som en sammenlignbar\, rasjonell og profittorientert markedsaktør ville ha gjort under lignende omstendigheter. Arbeidsgruppen flertall foreslår å innføre et nasjonalt tilsynsorgan\, lagt til Konkurransetilsynet\, som skal overvåke etterlevelsen av det såkalte markedsaktørprinsippet. \nRapporten ble sendt på høring før regjeringen skal ta stilling til ESAs foreløpige konklusjonen om at det offentliges skattefritak og konkursimmunitet utgjør ulovlig statsstøtte. Det er mye som står på spill både for det offentlige\, som kan bli utsatt for en omfattende omorganisering\, og det private\, som forventer konkurranse på like vilkår. \nKonkurransen mellom det private og det offentlige er også et tema i Danmark\, hvor nasjonale regler om offentlig støtte er en del den danske konkurranseloven. Den danske regjeringen satte ned en tilsvarende arbeidsgruppe for å se nærmere på det som gjerne beskrives som «offentligt opgavetyveri». Rapporten skal være klar om noen uker. \nMalgorzata CyndeckaPostdocDet juridiske Fakultet\, UiB\, og BECCLEKarsten Naundrup  OlesenProfessorDet Juridiske Fakultet\, Københavns Universitet\nOpptak:
URL:https://beccle.no/event/offentlig-oppgavetyver/
LOCATION:Auditorium 4\, Det juridiske fakultet\, UiB\, Magnus Lagabøtes plass 1\, Bergen\, Hordaland\, 5010\, Norway
CATEGORIES:Conference,Events
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://beccle.no/files/2018/08/bigfish.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20180611
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20180613
DTSTAMP:20260420T133107
CREATED:20180516T110604Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20180914T085522Z
UID:5382-1528675200-1528847999@beccle.no
SUMMARY:The 4th BECCLE Competition Policy Conference\, 11-12 June 2018
DESCRIPTION:Bergen Center for Competition Law and Economics (BECCLE) is pleased to announce its 4th annual competition policy conference on 11 and 12 June 2018 in Bergen\, Norway. \nThe conference will bring together leading and upcoming scholars doing both empirical and theoretical research on competition policy and industrial organization. \nDownload the conference program...\n  \nDate:11 and 12 June\nVenue: Radisson Blu Royal Hotel\, Bergen \nIf you want to participate at the conference\, or if you have any further questions\, please send an e-mail to Teis Lunde Lømo \nOrganizing Committee: \n\nTommy Staahl Gabrielsen\nBjørn Olav Johansen\nTeis Lunde Lømo\nSimen Aardal Ulsaker
URL:https://beccle.no/event/the-4th-beccle-competition-policy-conference-11-12-june-2018/
LOCATION:Radisson Blu Royal Hotel\, Bergen\, Dreggsallmenningen 1\, Bergen\, Hordaland\, 5003\, Norway
CATEGORIES:Conference
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://beccle.no/files/2018/05/BECCLE-Featured-Slider.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20170427
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20170429
DTSTAMP:20260420T133107
CREATED:20170410T084356Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20180928T084442Z
UID:5626-1493251200-1493423999@beccle.no
SUMMARY:Bergen Competition Policy Conference 27-28 April 2017
DESCRIPTION:Bergen Center for Competition Law and Economics (BECCLE) is pleased to announce the 3rd annual conference on competition policy on the 27th and 28th of April in Bergen\, Norway. \nThe conference will combine sessions with invited speakers and presentations and discussions of original research papers in the fields of competition law and economics. \nDate: 27 and 28 April 2017\nLocation: Norwegian School of Economics\nContact: For any questions\, please contact the organising committee by using the following email address: local2017@beccle.uib.no\nThis web page will be updated continuously as details\, program and information become available. \n \nWe are proud to announce keynote speaches by: \n\nPierre Dubois\, Toulouse School of Economics\n“Identifying and Estimating Margins with Vertical Contracting“\nLars Henriksson\, Stockholm School of Economics\n“Cartels in public procurement – potential adverse effects of competition law enforcement against tenderers“\nMaarten Pieter Schinkel\, University of Amsterdam\n“Sustainability and Collusion“\n\n \nPlenary sessions also include speaches by: \n\nThibaud Vergé\, ENSAE ParisTech\n“Partial Exclusivity“\nÖzlem Bedre-Defolie\, ESMT Berlin\n“Optimal variety and pricing of a trade platform“\nChiara Fumagalli\, U. Bocconi\n“Dynamic Vertical Foreclosure“\nMark Ivaldi\, Toulouse School of Economics\n“Assessment of Post-merger Coordinated Effects: Characterization by Simulations“\nJoseph E. Harrington Jr.\, U Pensylvania\n“Coordination on List Prices and Collusion in Negotiated Prices“\nTomaso Duso\, DIW Berlin\n“A Retrospective Study of State Aid Control in the German Broadband Market“\nRonny Gjendemsjø\, U. Bergen and BECCLE\n“Abuse of Collective Dominance: The Need for a New Approach“\n\n \n Sadly\, Nicolas Petit has had to cancel. \nThe conference will also include parallel sessions with presentations and discussions of original research papers on R&D\, Mergers\, State Aid\, Verticals\, Collusion\, Competition Law\, Broadband\, Networks\, Empirical IO\, Regulation and Enforcement. \nFollow the live stream of the plenary sessions here…\n  \nDownload the conference program here…\nRegister for the conference here..\nThe conference is open for registration. For logistical reasons\, we have an upper limit for the number of participants. Registration will be on a first-come\, first-served basis.\nFor Norwegian Lawyers: Felles søknad om godkjenning av etterutdanning for advokater kan sendes i etterkant av konferansen. \n  \nAdditional information:\nLunch is included for all registered attendees. There will be a complimentary conference dinner for presenters and invited guests. \n \nPhD Course: Economics of Exclusion by Greg Shaffer\nThe University of Bergen is delighted to announce an intensive PhD course by Greg Shaffer (University of Rochester and UoB/BECCLE) on the “economics of exclusion” immediately prior to the conference. More details can be found here… \n \nScientific Committee: \n\nGreg Shaffer (U Rochester and UoB/BECCLE)\nThibaud Verge (ENSAE ParisTech and NHH/BECCLE)\nErling Hjelmeng (U Oslo and BECCLE)\nCaroline Heide Jørgensen (U Copenhagen and BECCLE)\nFrode Steen (NHH and BECCLE)\nTommy Staahl Gabrielsen (U Bergen and BECCLE)\nHalvard Haukeland Fredriksen (U Bergen and BECCLE)\nRonny Gjendemsjø (U Bergen and BECCLE)\nBjørn Olav Johansen (U Bergen and BECCLE)\n\n \nLocal Commitee: \n\nHåvard Ormberg\nTeis Lunde Lømo\nHåvard Sandvik\nSimen Ulsaker\nTimothy Wyndham
URL:https://beccle.no/event/bergen-competition-policy-conference-27-28-april-2017/
CATEGORIES:Conference,Events
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://beccle.no/files/2018/05/BECCLE-Featured-Slider.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20160421
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20160423
DTSTAMP:20260420T133107
CREATED:20151105T134028Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20180928T083732Z
UID:4235-1461196800-1461369599@beccle.no
SUMMARY:2nd Annual BECCLE Competition Policy Conference
DESCRIPTION:BECCLE\, located at the 3rd floor\, JUSII of the Faculty of Law\, UoB. \nBergen Center for Competition Law and Economics (BECCLE) is pleased to announce the 2nd annual conference on competition policy on the 21st and 22nd of April in Bergen\, Norway. \nThe conference will combine sessions with invited speakers and presentations and discussions of original research papers in the fields of competition law and economics. \nFollow the 2016 Competition Policy Conference live…\nKeynote speakers include Alison Jones\, King’s College London\, Kai-Uwe Kühn\, University of East Anglia\, and Bruno Jullien\,Toulouse School of Economics. \nDownload the full conference program (pdf) here…\nMap: Directions from hotels to the Faculty of Law\nMap: Directions from to the boat point of departure \nRead more…
URL:https://beccle.no/event/2016-beccle-competition-policy-conference/
CATEGORIES:Conference,Events
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20150423
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20150425
DTSTAMP:20260420T133107
CREATED:20141211T183656Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20180928T084655Z
UID:3401-1429747200-1429919999@beccle.no
SUMMARY:1st annual BECCLE Competition Conference
DESCRIPTION:BECCLE is proud to announce our inaugural BECCLE competition policy conference\, April 23 and 24 2015. \nThe conference combines sessions with invited speakers\,  presentations and discussions of original research papers in the fields of competition law and economics\, as well as keynote speeches by David Bailey (Brick Court Chambers and King’s College London)\, Joe Harrington (University of Pennsylvania) and Patrick Rey (University of Toulouse). \nRead more…
URL:https://beccle.no/event/1st-annual-beccle-competition-conference/
CATEGORIES:Conference,Events
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://beccle.no/files/2014/12/jusII-708x398.jpg
END:VEVENT
END:VCALENDAR